Essay on The Effects of Peter Seeger Songs - 1533 Words

Peter Seeger, also known as Pete Seeger, - an individual, who was a musician, an author, and an activist, has helped change history by writing and singing songs, participating in anti-war marches, and fighting for the nation in battle. Pete wrote and sang folk songs that related to everyday life stories. His childhood was very cold and kept him very lonely. He later dropped out of Harvard and wanted to be an observer for all public affairs. He supported himself by painting farmhouses, playing his banjo, becoming a porter and singing folk songs in a bar. The 1930s through the 1970s, was a period of economic struggle, government reform, warfare and environmental reform. Seeger’s folk songs encouraged and involved the people of the United†¦show more content†¦In late 1937, Roosevelt agreed to lessen the federal deficit spending to equal the budget, which would trigger a steep recession and a surge in unemployment. World War II had erupted in Europe in 1939. The D-Day landing marked the beginning of the allied invasion of Europe to defeat Germany in World War II. The Japanese attacked the American naval base at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. This attack gave the United States no choice but to draw themselves into war with Japan. The Grand Alliance united the United States, Britain, and Soviets against Germany and Japan in 1942. In the same year, Hitler, German dictator, had sanctioned the mass extermination of â€Å"undesirables†, later known as the Holocaust.5 Among the undesirables were Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, Poles and Soviet POWs.6 While the men were off to war, the women were taking over the jobs that the men had before they went off into war. Unemployment went down as the factory production increased. Women got lesser pay then men for similar work. Working women were told to keep their focus on the home and prepare to resume their lives as homemakers and mothers when the war ended. From an observer of the labor movement, Seeger became an active participant of the labor movement.7 He also became the director of the People Song organization. Many Japanese Americans, especially from Hawaii and the California coast were being put in concentration camps because of the Japanese attack on America.Show MoreRelatedProtest Songs And Its Effect On Social Change1075 Words   |  5 Pagessocial change is through protest songs. Most songwriters agree that protest songs are written because circumstances demand engagement and things can no longer be left unsaid (Haslam). Protest songs have been prominent for centuries in the United States, but one decade that they are closely associated with is the 1960s. This was a time when America was faced with much controversy and division. The protest music performed by folk artist and social activist Peter Seeger empowered oppressed individualsRead More Black Music and the Civil Rights Movement Essay3856 Words   |  16 Page sseem to feel that happy songs are happy and sad songs are sad, and that, God help us, is exactly the way most white Americans can sing them† (311). Baldwin uses this statement to describe the differences in how whites and blacks view music. A white person sees music merely as a form of entertainment and the tone of the song should be taken literally. Blacks view music as a means of attaining freedom, it doesn’t matter whether the song carries a sad or happy tune; the song will indefinitely freeRead More music censorship Essay2636 Words   |  11 PagesDuring 1954 Stephen Foster songs are edited for radio to remove words such as quot;massaquot; and quot;darky.quot; For radio airplay the perceived drug reference quot;I get no kick from cocaine,quot; is changed to quot;I get perfume from Spain.quot; in Cole Porters classic quot;I Get a Kick out of you.quot; In 1955 Former radio deejay Pat Boone begins a career by releasing quot;sanitizedquot; versions of black Ramp;B hits. Boones versions of these songs often contain edited lyrics:Read MoreBob Dylan And The American Civil Rights And Anti War Movements2239 Words   |  9 Pagessinger-songwriter, artist and writer. He has been influential in popular music and culture for more than five decades. Much of his most celebrated work dates from the 1960s when his songs chronicled social unrest, although Dylan repudiated suggestions from journalists that he was a spokesman for his generation. Nevertheless, early songs such as Blowin in the Wind and The Times They Are a-Changin became anthems for the American civil rights and anti-war movements. After he left his initial base in theRead MoreMusic Notes3387 Words   |  14 Pagesdevelopment of technology The Popularity Arc: * Mainstream popularity is the ‘peak’ * Genres tend to develop underground and aren’t written about historically during these years (subcultures) Musical Form: * The way different sections in a song are organized Rhythm: the way music sounds are organized in time; beat is the pulse Meter: organization of rhythm and beats into music * Simple; one amp; two amp; three (2 parts) * Compound; one amp; uh two amp; uh three (3 parts) Read MoreManagement and Teaching Note19520 Words   |  79 PagesPRODUCT DESIGN: FROM IDEA TO LAUNCH Wee, BG; Goodwin, N Asian Business Case Centre 13pp; Teaching note 807-058-8 (8pp) 9-808-089 OCKHAM TECHNOLOGIES: LIVING ON THE RAZOR’S EDGE (ABRIDGED) Wasserman, NT Harvard Business School Publishing 16pp 804-004-4 PETER GEORGIOPOULOS Structured assignment Rathore, RS; Shums, R IBSCDC 18pp; Teaching note 804-004-8 (16pp) 9-807-074 PROSPER MARKETPLACE, INC Sahlman, WA; Kind, EA Harvard Business School Publishing 31pp 807-048-3 PURSE STRINGS: WOMEN AND MICROFINANCE INRead MoreBackground Inditex, One of the Worlds Largest Fashion Distributors, Has Eight Major Sales Formats - Zara, Pull and Bear, Massimo Dutti, Bershka, Stradivarius, Oysho, Zara Home Y Kiddys Class- with 3.147 Stores in 70100262 Words   |  402 Pagespreviously mentioned in these acknowledgements, that I have had the pleasure of collaborating with and/or learning from during my time as a M.Sc. student and a re searcher here at the IIIEE including Peter A, Jaakko, Tareq, Adriana, Zina, Chris R, Don, Allan, Carl L, Nicholas, Naoko, Andrius, Michael, Hanna, Peter K, Mà ¥rten, Lena, Philip, Dagmara, Thomas, Vladimir and Helen. I would also like to send a particular thank you to Gerd, Karin, and Kristina, past and present members of the administrative staff

Wind Energy and Power Optimization Free Essays

Introduction 1. Overview 1.1. We will write a custom essay sample on Wind Energy and Power Optimization or any similar topic only for you Order Now Wind energy The wind energy is one of the sources of renewable energy which has many advantages over the non-conventional sources of energy. There are many topological and economical factors associated with the construction of the wind farm which decide upon the construction design of the wind turbine and the placement of the wind turbines in the farm.The main construction of the wind farm consists of the mechanical, civil costs and electrical costs. In construction of the wind turbines there are different types and designs of turbines used depending on the location, topography and the power output. The wind turbine generators convert kinetic energy of the wind into the electrical energy. Different types of generators are used in the conversion according to the application and the requirements. 1.2. Challenges A single wind turbine is connected into the array of many wind turbines to form a wind farm which is utilized to generate electrical energy. The main consideration with the wind farm is the cost of installation and the power quality. Due to the non availability of the constant wind at all times the energy was highly unreliable, but due the new power electronic converter devices and manufacturing of the doubly fed induction generators (DFIG) the engineers have been able to overcome the problem. The power quality is the primary concern when the energy generated from the wind farm is connected to the main grid .The voltage unbalance at Bus-Bar, voltage fluctuations and reliability are the issues of prime concern in the power quality. The main problems related to the power quality in the wind farm are: 1) Steady State voltage impact: It is the most common problem which is mostly related to the source and load of electric power. Due voltage drop in the line because of the presence of impedance there are voltage drops, which must be kept under the limits to avoid failure. 2) Dynamic voltage variations: The cause for the dynamic voltage variations is the same steady state voltage variations but they are studied for a shorter time intervals of seconds or fraction of second. These can be reduced by introducing variable wind speed system or by controlling the reactive power. 3) Harmonic Distortion: In the electric System due to non-linear loads and the power electronic devices there are distortions in the pure sine wave. 4) Voltage Transients: When an induction machine or a capacitor bank is connected in the system, the high currents are observed which might cause disturbance in the grid. The need of the optimization in the wind farms is a need, to make the technology more efficient and more reliable. There are many tools used for the simulation of the wind farm but the tools used for the wind park grid connection optimization are the PSS/E and Spectrum Power CC which contains a module for the power system optimization. 1.3 Aims and Objectives â€Å"Wind Park Grid Connection Power Optimization† In the wind farm design a typical on/offshore substation which consists of the switchable reactive components and transformer tap changers should be modeled within a power system simulation package and replicated in the Siemens SCADA (Supervisory control and Data Acquisition) system using the software Spectrum Power CC. The SCADA contains a module for power system optimization which has not been explored by the Siemens, the software has to be verified for the optimization of the wind farm and then the modeling is to be done which is achieved by proper learning of the software and implementation of the same in the real time SCADA software. The results obtained from the network optimization algorithm model Vs SCADA system are to be verified and analyzed and based on the analysis the improvements or alternatives are proposed for further enhancement. In the past due to the limited work on the software, exploring of the tools and techniques in the software is another key motive in the process which will not only solve the optimization problem but will be beneficiary for future developments. However there are optimization tools developed using the Generic Algorithm for improving the reliability of the system. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1. Introduction The wind energy is now one of the major sources of energy. Different designs of the turbines have been introduced to improve the reliability of the system. The main parameters which are taken into consideration in designing of the wind farms is the energy output, cost efficiency, the impact on the environment and the impact on the electric grid which mainly includes the integration into the existing electrical system and the power quality issues. These factors must be fulfilled before connecting into the main network to keep the existing system operational. In the process of designing the actual system of the wind farms the modeling of the proposed design which is an important factor in the basic structure of the turbine, type of blades, turbine used etc. The analysis of both the mechanical and electrical properties of the structure of the wind turbine is done using different modeling tools like PSCAD, PSS/E, Dig Silent etc.[7][8] 2.2. Past Achievements Power quality in the wind turbines is the important area of concern and assurance of the protection from all the disturbances has to be made to ensure the protection of the grid. The main power quality standards are static voltage level, voltage fluctuations, voltage transients, voltage harmonic distortion, voltage unbalance and voltage supply interruptions. In the past the fixed speed electric turbines were used but now due to their drawbacks main being the inefficient control of the reactive power and power quality problems the variable speed turbines have been developed. A variable speed turbine keeps the generator torque constant and the speed changes which results in constant power in the system which is the essential requirement. There are many power electronic devices which are used in combination with the induction machine and the synchronous machine. The structures developed in the modeling of the wind turbines are used in the analysis between the electrical and the mechanical structure of the wind-farm and also help in the dynamics interaction of the wind farm and electrical grid which enables the design engineers and owners to make an adequate study before the installation of the wind- farm. [1][2] Various models have been developed earlier for specific studies in the wind turbine functioning using the Dig Silent and PSS/E software. Various calculations are performed by the utility engineers like the load flow analysis and the transient analysis of the models developed. The main objective of the load flow calculations is to identify the flows in the transmission lines, transformers and the voltage at different buses or nodes which is an integral planning of the planning and the design of the wind farm. The calculations are done under different scenarios to satisfy the conditions. The transient stability studies are done to calculate the transient response of the system under the disturbances. The synchronism, the damping of the oscillations of the machines are examined which play a vital role in the planning and interconnection of the wind farm. [4][9] 2.3. Current work Many studies have been conducted on the stability of the wind-farms, but referring to the paper by David T.Johnsen on â€Å"Optimisation of the fault ride through strategy of a wind farm† which explains the optimisation and also the dynamic stability of the wind-farm by developing a procedure for an optimal fault ride through strategy for the wind farms. The dynamic simulations are developed and modeled in PSSE which illustrates the possibility of increasing the capacity of the wind farm by optimal fault ride through settings. â€Å"The operational characteristics of the wind farm are optimised by adjusting the parameter settings of a model of a simplified PQ-generator while simulating in PSSE†. From the article it is observed that the â€Å"wind-farm consists of radial connection, consisting of two parallel and identical 132 Kv branches which are connected to a high level wind penetration†. Apart from the two wind farms an† additional wind farm (WF2)† is connected which is represented in the network by the â€Å"generic PSS/E model of a full converter turbine or a simple P-Q generator which represents as ideal power source.† The settings of the P-Q generator can be modified in the simulation by adjusting the active and reactive power in the system. To increase the stability and the loss of synchronism the â€Å"active power injection must be reduced to a low active power level as soon as the voltage dip is detected and a high value of reactive power during the fault incre ases the transferable limit of the active power during and after the fault. â€Å" In the conclusion of the paper it is seen that the comparisons between the response of the â€Å"P-Q generator and generic FCWT model† illustrates that it possible for the â€Å"P-Q generator to successfully ride through the fault while the generic FCWT trips.† â€Å"The main concerns regarding the dynamic power response in the process of optimisation are as follows: 1. The active power must be severely constrained during the fault sequence. 2. The maximum reactive power production has to be high and fast responding.† Hence it is concluded from the paper that the fault ride through strategy can improve the capacity and the electric grid quality in the wind-farm. [3] In an optimization model developed by the Strategic Energy Institute (Georgia Institute of technology) there are some input parameters like wind speed, Weibull parameter, investment, efficiency of generator and gearbox, speed etc and output parameters as optimal rotor diameter, optimal generator capacity, optimal RPM, torque and power produced. These parameters are drawn into a flowchart which consists of a wind turbine design optimization model. [10] 2.4. Future Prospects The IEEE research paper on â€Å"Optimization of Electrical Connection Scheme for Large Offshore Wind Farm with Genetic Algorithm â€Å"at the Sustainable Power Generation and Supply (2009) represents a way of power system optimisation by Generic Algorithm .An analysis on an off-shore wind farm is made in which the optimisation of the electrical connection is converted into the factors of the â€Å"voltage level inside the farm, the voltage levels of substation, number of substations, location of substations, connection topology of substation and turbines†. Due to their non-linearity the optimization is done by Generic Algorithm and the analysis is done in the paper. [6] A research paper presented in the Nordic workshop on Power and industrial electronics (2004) on Optimization of electrical system for a large DC offshore wind farm by Generic Algorithm† proposes an optimization based on Generic Algorithm where the input parameters are used as technical data and are optimised for minimum cost and maximum reliability. Based on the theory of natural evolution a Generic is developed which consists of â€Å"population of bit strings transformed into three genetic operators’ selection, crossover and mutation.† An optimization model is developed which computes cost and the reliability. The model consists of the input data, some rules, cost calculation, reliability evaluation and an optimum configuration with the help of generic algorithm. In the genetic optimization the â€Å"encoding and decoding of the chromosomes† is done which leads to computation of the cost and reliability, finally the mutation operator is used to improve th e execution of the Generic Algorithm. [14] In another IEEE paper by Kusiak.A et al (2010) â€Å"Optimization of Wind Turbine Performance With Data-Driven Models† a multi objective optimisation function is made which represents the wind power output, the vibrations in the train and the vibration in the tower to determine the wind turbine functioning. The concept of neural networks, an ES algorithm â€Å"the Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm (SPEA)† is used solving the model. The results obtained state that the vibration mitigation and power maximization can be done by adjusting the generator torque and blade pitch angle. [5] In the â€Å"Small Wind Off-Grid System Optimization Regarding Wind Turbine Power Curve† paper by Simic.Z and Mikulicic.V (IEEE) there is another small hybrid off-grid system in which there is discussion on the impact of the power curve on the cost of the energy and amount of energy produced. The â€Å"HOMER micro power optimizing tool â€Å"was used for the optimisation, wind speed data was varied and the results were analyzed. 3. METHODODLOGY 3.1. Description In the project as the simulations of the wind farm are to be carried out in the software package, the studying of the wind model layout is the prime important step which includes the components and specifications. The layout of the wind farm design mainly consists of an array of wind turbines, the electrical connections, on/off shore substation, transformer, On -Load Tap changers, Phase -to -Phase voltage controllers and shunt capacitor banks to improve the voltage quality of the system. 3.2. PSS/E The optimal power flow software PSS/E is used in the analysis in which all the components are modeled and all the results are recorded. A brief description of the software is as follows: PSS/E (Power System Simulation for Engineering): â€Å"Power System Simulation for Engineering (PSS/E) is the major tool used in the course of the project which consists of a set of programs for studies of power system transmission and generation behavior in both steady state and dynamic situations. It can be used as a tool to analyze the power flow and the related network functions, the optimal power flow, balanced and unbalanced faults, network equivalent construction, as well as dynamic simulation. The main software used is the Power System Simulator for engineering optimal power flow from Siemens which improves the overall efficiency and output of the system in addition to the normal power flow. The software is mainly used for the today’s challenges of the regulated power supply which are as follows: Reactive power scheduling Voltage collapse analysis Transfer capability investigation Location based marginal cost assessment Ancillary service opportunity cost assessment Impact assessment Base case development Congestion analysis† *The Above content is taken from the user manual of the Software PSS/E. [11] As the software has been used earlier in the analysis of the power system so learning and implementing the software would not be a very difficult task and the analysis can be carried out using the manuals and other research material provided on the internet. 3.3. Spectrum Power CC In the second and the important part of the project the same wind farm simulation model is modeled in the Siemens Spectrum Power CC software using the SCADA, the Distribution Network Analysis (DNA) which consists of Distribution system power flow (DSPF), Distribution System State Estimator (DSSE), Short Term Load Scheduler (STLS), Fault Management and Volt-Var Control(VCC). The brief description of the software from the Siemens software reference manual of the Power Spectrum CC is as follows: â€Å"Distribution Network Analyses (DNA) supports the following features: Effective and efficient control of distribution networks Increased supply quality and reliability Optimal use of network equipment Minimization of network losses Detection and elimination of overloads in time Efficient fault management The elements which are to be used in the software for the analysis of the system along their main functions which are an integral part of the Spectrum Power CC Distribution Network Analysis are: 1) Distribution System Power Flow(DSPF): â€Å"DSPF is mainly used to calculate the network status in the system configuration. The power flow solution calculates the voltages at all the bus-bars, the power and the reactive power at all the buses. The flows in the network are the most important parameters in the simulation. The limits of the system are analyzed and suitable optimization technique is used.† 2) Distribution State Estimator(DSSE): â€Å"DSSE is mainly used for the real-time monitoring, control and optimization of the model. It estimates the active and reactive power values and corrects the data by using the techniques of mismatching of information. â€Å" DSSE integrates the optimization process with the optimal power flow to calculate the flows which are then used to monitor the real time operation of the network. 3) Short Term Load Scheduler(STLS): â€Å"STLS tracks the active and reactive power management of the power system loads and maintains the consumption for the loads in the network into a database. â€Å" 4) Fault Management: â€Å"The main application of the Fault management is location of the fault, the fault isolation and service restoration. The fault management consists of: Fault location Locating the faulty section or area of the network as closely as possible Fault isolation Isolating the faulty section or area of the network Service restoration Restoring power to de-energized non-faulty areas of the network 5) Volt-Var Control(VVC): â€Å"Volt-Var Control (VCC) deals with the operations on the transformer with on-load tap changers, phase-to phase voltage controllers and shunt capacitors to improve the network operations. The main task is to improve the overall reliability and quality of the network. VCC works on two operating modes: Open loop: The settings after running the flow are not automatically executed; they are reviewed by the user. Closed Loop: The settings after running the flow are automatically executed after VCC calculation.† The main objectives which are to be fulfilled after the optimization of the system mainly consists of: 1) Minimize limit violations. 2) Minimize power losses and limit violations. 3) Minimize active power consumption and limit violations. 4) Minimize reactive power consumption and limit violations. 5) Maximize power revenue and minimize limit violations. *(The description of the software has been taken from the reference manuals provided by Siemens .It has been edited and modified according to the data required, but still Quoted to be on safer side.)[12] The above tools in the software are studied and then analyzed as the software is used for the optimal power flow for the first time, so understanding the software is a difficult task which may consume a lot of time and may require a lot of help from the external sources. If the results are required results not obtained on the software then if will become more challenging, and have to take the help of the specific team involved in creation of the power system optimisation tool in the software, which may include taking help from Siemens, Germany. Replicating the power system model on the software won’t be a challenging task, if all the main functions are studied and learned in detail. The results may be then obtained if the simulation is successfully modeled in the software. 3.4. Comparison In the last step results of both the simulations will be compared and the analysis of the results obtained is done separately for both the softwares. The drawbacks of the Distribution Network Analysis software will be studied based on the results obtained from the comparison of the data obtained after running the simulations. A suitable alternative is then proposed, supporting the simulation and improvements in the design are implemented to obtain the desired results. The proper explanations of the improvements supporting the outcomes are made as the improvements proposed in the software are then implemented by the engineers without the power system background. 4. PLANNING 4.1. Overview: The project work has been planned and divided into a timeline which has been shown in the Gantt chart as attached in the report. The project plan is made keeping in mind some delays due to the unavoidable circumstances and will be effective from the initiation till the completion of the project. 4.2. Project Risks: In the Project as the modeling tools have to be used in the simulation of the wind farm so the availability of the software is a major concern. The power system optimization software PSS/E is available which won’t be a concern. As the software is complex and difficult to understand so it may take a longer time to understand the working. The help of the PhD students will be taken and the simulation will be made as simple as possible to remove the complexity from the model as it has to be modeled in a short duration. If necessary the use of simple optimization tools would be done like Dig SILENT, Power world Simulator etc. In the another modeling software Spectrum Power CC provided by Siemens, the power optimization module in the software on which the simulation is mainly based is new, which may consume a lot of time learning the software, therefore suitable training will be taken by the experts so that, I can easily adapt the software and proceed with the work. The difficulties faced will be rectified by the Siemens Technical Team and PhD students at The University Of Manchester which will lead to the success of the project. 4.3. Gantt Chart Risk Assessment Form Dissertation Project: â€Å"Wind Park Grid Connection Power Optimization† Risk DescriptionEffect on the projectAction Required Non Availability of PCThe postponement of the project Immediate availability of another PC Non Availability of Software Difficulty in modeling. Immediate availability or some alternative modeling tool. Data CrashA data backup is created. A backup has to be created. Power system optimization software use Due to the non-familiarity longer time to learn the software. Modeling will be kept simple and the help of PhD students would be taken for modeling. SCADA software interfaceDue the first time use of optimization module there may be delays. Help of specialized team is expected. CONCLUSION In the feasibility study above the methodology of the dissertation project is explained. The literature review highlights all the work done and the future prospects of the work that can be done in the research are. The project planning consists of the Gantt chart which is a layout of the working of the project which includes all the risks and different challenges during the project. REFERENCES: 1)Eriksson.K .et al.(n.d.), â€Å" System Approach On Designing An Offshore Wind Power Grid Connection† http://www05.abb.com/global/scot/scot221.nsf/veritydisplay/34ec041beda66334c1256fda004c8cc0/$file/03mc0132%20rev.%2000.pdf 2)Hanson.J and Hunger.T (n.d.) â€Å"Network Studies for Offshore Wind Farm Grid Connections – Technical Need and Commercial Optimization â€Å" http://www.2004ewec.info/files/23_1400_juttahanson_01.pdf 3) Johnsen.D .et al. (n.d.) â€Å"Optimisation of the fault ride through strategy of a wind farm† http://www.frontwind.com/Paper%20Master%20Thesis.pdf 4) Kazachkov.Y and Stapleton.S (2004), â€Å"Modeling Wind Farms for Power System Stability Studies† https://www.ptius.com/pti/company/eNewsletter/2004April/Modeling%20Wind%20Farms%20for%20Power%20System%20Stability%20Studies.pdf 5)Kusiak.A .et al. (2010) â€Å"Optimization of Wind Turbine Performance With Data-Driven Models† IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, VOL. 1, NO. 2, JULY 2010 http://www.icaen.uiowa.edu/~ankusiak/Journal-papers/IEEE_2010_2.pdf 6) Lingling.H, Yang.F and Xiaoming.G(2009) â€Å"Optimization of Electrical Connection Scheme for Large Offshore Wind Farm with Genetic Algorithm† Sustainable Power Generation and Supply, 2009. SUPERGEN ’0910.1109/SUPERGEN.2009.5348118 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=arnumber=5348118 7) Petru.T (2001), â€Å"Modeling of Wind Turbines for Power System Studies† http://webfiles.portal.chalmers.se/et/Lic/PetruTomasLic.pdf 8) Petru.T and Thiringer.T (2002) â€Å"Modeling of Wind Turbines for Power System Studies† IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, VOL. 17, NO.4 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=arnumber=1137604 9) Sayedi.M (2009),†Evaluation of the DFIG Wind Turbine Built-in Model in PSSE† http://webfiles.portal.chalmers.se/et/MSc/SeyediMohammadMSc.pdf 10)Schmidt.M â€Å"Wind Turbine design Optimization† Strategic Energy Institute(Georgia Institute of Technology) . http://www.clemson.edu/scies/wind/Poster-Schmidt.pdf 11) â€Å"Siemens Energy manual Guide for PSS/E â€Å"(Available on internet) http://www.energy.siemens.com/us/en/services/power-transmission-distribution/power-technologies-international/software-solutions/pss-e.htm 12) â€Å"Spectrum Power CC Manual†, Siemens Germany 13) Simic.Z and Mikulicic.V (n.d.) â€Å"Small Wind Off-Grid System Optimization Regarding Wind Turbine Power Curve† an IEEE paper. http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/309501.Small_Wind_OffGrid_ZS_final.pdf 14) Zhao.M, Chen.Z and Blaabjerg.F (2004) â€Å"Optimization of Electrical System for a Large DC Offshore Wind Farm by Genetic Algorithm â€Å" NORDIC WORKSHOP ON POWER AND INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS 2004 – 037 APPENDIX: General Risk Assessment Form Date: (1) 11/5/2011Assessed by: (2) Rajat Aggarwal Checked / Validated* by: (3)Martin LorimerLocation: (4) Siemens, ManchesterAssessment ref no (5) Review date: (6) Task / premises: (7) Wind Park Grid Connection Power Optimization :Modeling of Power system Activity (8)Hazard (9)Who might be harmed and how (10)Existing measures to control risk (11)Risk rating (12)Result (13) Continuous use of computer Eyes pain , back pain , HeadacheMyself , May lead to fatigueProper Precautions while using computerLowT Computer crashData crashDelay in projectData backupMediumA FireDamage to the companyCompany working may be harmedFire Safety EquipmentsMediumA How to cite Wind Energy and Power Optimization, Essay examples

Teach Your Children Well Essays - Justice, Philosophy Of Law

Teach Your Children Well New California law states that it is up to the prosecutors in a case as to whether minors are charged as adults for violent crimes. What should a judge do when eight boys from suburban middle class families, confess to armed robbery and assault and battery of five Hispanic immigrant farm workers? In this case, one must realize what a delicate situation this has come to be. If tried as adults these eight boys could spend their next sixteen years in juvenile detention. They were described as being 'good boys' with no other marks on their records. With only one reason for committing such a crime, these boys need to face their racism while justice is being served, with non-traditional punishment that will teach an unforgettable lesson. As upper-middle class, above-average students, even some athletes, these boys obviously do not know what life is all about. Authorities said that the boys were specifically looking for Hispanic workers to attack, so that shows the boys had some type of motive. In this day and age where Americans have a need to be treated as equal; equal opportunity employers, equal rights for men, women, African-American, Chinese-American, and every other group of people in this country, one would think that somewhere along the line children would get the message that we are all the same. Children should be taught to love, not hate. It is painful to see such a crime committed just for the mere fact that they were different. Didn't hate crimes end in the sixties? Why is it that still parents cannot or will not instill in their children ideals of an equal human race? Black or white, brown or red, rich or poor, aren't we all the same when you turn out the lights? I am not saying that I think this is ent irely the parents' fault, but they do need to take blame. At the age these boys are at, their parents are some of their few role models, and they always will be, but at this age, parents are the most influential people in a child's life, nothing can come close to a mother's scorn, or a fathers praise. In that sense too, children believe in what their parents believe in, not because it is right, but because it is the only way they know. So, parents should watch when they say they hate someone or some group and we should all try to be better people, for the sake of our children. (Gil Garcetti 588-590) In a crime this violent, considering the assailants and their victims, a measure of justice needs to be served. The assailants need to take responsibility for their actions. However, sixteen years in a juvenile detention facility does not seem the best answer. James Twitchell believes that, In recent years the dispensers of the law are finally realizing that shame has a place in punishment. (602) And so, there needs to be a way of measuring how the boys are rehabilitated, and their community needs to be involved, as well as their parents and friends. Justice means fairness. It means righteousness, impartiality, honesty, and integrity. Justice should be measured by the victims themselves, they should get to see their assailants suffer and learn from their mistakes. That is what justice is all about. These boy assailants need to witness justice first hand in order for it to have any affect ct on them. (Garcetti 588-590) A punishment that can validate such a hiesous crime needs to be quite creative. One could just shout An eye for an eye! As Mark Costanzo concedes, even the often misinterpreted 'eye for an eye' passage in the bible was meant to restrain rather than require vengeance. (592) But that is not how our judicial system works, although it would be fair. Still there are others, like Bradley O'Leary who implies that the punishment?should fit the crime, not the age of the violent offender. As a society, we cannot show any sympathy for, or excuses from, the youth thugs?who are destroying our schools and neighborhoods. (590) These boys will be punished, as they should be, but their judge has an opportunity to change their lives forever. If Teach Your Children Well Essays - Justice, Philosophy Of Law Teach Your Children Well New California law states that it is up to the prosecutors in a case as to whether minors are charged as adults for violent crimes. What should a judge do when eight boys from suburban middle class families, confess to armed robbery and assault and battery of five Hispanic immigrant farm workers? In this case, one must realize what a delicate situation this has come to be. If tried as adults these eight boys could spend their next sixteen years in juvenile detention. They were described as being 'good boys' with no other marks on their records. With only one reason for committing such a crime, these boys need to face their racism while justice is being served, with non-traditional punishment that will teach an unforgettable lesson. As upper-middle class, above-average students, even some athletes, these boys obviously do not know what life is all about. Authorities said that the boys were specifically looking for Hispanic workers to attack, so that shows the boys had some type of motive. In this day and age where Americans have a need to be treated as equal; equal opportunity employers, equal rights for men, women, African-American, Chinese-American, and every other group of people in this country, one would think that somewhere along the line children would get the message that we are all the same. Children should be taught to love, not hate. It is painful to see such a crime committed just for the mere fact that they were different. Didn't hate crimes end in the sixties? Why is it that still parents cannot or will not instill in their children ideals of an equal human race? Black or white, brown or red, rich or poor, aren't we all the same when you turn out the lights? I am not saying that I think this is ent irely the parents' fault, but they do need to take blame. At the age these boys are at, their parents are some of their few role models, and they always will be, but at this age, parents are the most influential people in a child's life, nothing can come close to a mother's scorn, or a fathers praise. In that sense too, children believe in what their parents believe in, not because it is right, but because it is the only way they know. So, parents should watch when they say they hate someone or some group and we should all try to be better people, for the sake of our children. (Gil Garcetti 588-590) In a crime this violent, considering the assailants and their victims, a measure of justice needs to be served. The assailants need to take responsibility for their actions. However, sixteen years in a juvenile detention facility does not seem the best answer. James Twitchell believes that, In recent years the dispensers of the law are finally realizing that shame has a place in punishment. (602) And so, there needs to be a way of measuring how the boys are rehabilitated, and their community needs to be involved, as well as their parents and friends. Justice means fairness. It means righteousness, impartiality, honesty, and integrity. Justice should be measured by the victims themselves, they should get to see their assailants suffer and learn from their mistakes. That is what justice is all about. These boy assailants need to witness justice first hand in order for it to have any affect ct on them. (Garcetti 588-590) A punishment that can validate such a hiesous crime needs to be quite creative. One could just shout An eye for an eye! As Mark Costanzo concedes, even the often misinterpreted 'eye for an eye' passage in the bible was meant to restrain rather than require vengeance. (592) But that is not how our judicial system works, although it would be fair. Still there are others, like Bradley O'Leary who implies that the punishment?should fit the crime, not the age of the violent offender. As a society, we cannot show any sympathy for, or excuses from, the youth thugs?who are destroying our schools and neighborhoods. (590) These boys will be punished, as they should be, but their judge has an opportunity to change their lives forever. If

Capital punishment2 essays

Capital punishment2 essays Capital Punishment is a term used for criminals who are punished by being put to death. Ever since the early 1800's, most executions have been a result of murder convictions. Some other crimes that have invoked the use of the death penalty are; robbery, kidnapping, rape, and treason. When it comes down to it this is a controversial issue that questions morality. In England during the 18th century, death was decreed for several hundred specific offenses, particularly for those against property. During that time, however, limitations began to be placed on the number and types of offenses for which criminals were put to death. The 1970's had eliminated death as a statutory punishment in many countries such as; Portugal, Denmark, Venezuela, Austria, Brazil, Switzerland, and Great Britain. In other countries if it still occurred it was a rare thing. Within the US there are death penalty statutes in some states but not all. In 1972 the Supreme Court made a ruling stating, that capital punishment laws as they stood were unconstitutional . However later on an other supreme court ruling upheld the constitutionality of the death penalty per se, and since then many states have passed death penalty laws with in the regulations of the court's ruling. Many people oppose the death penalty because they think it is morally wrong and cruel. Some even warn against the risk of executing people who are wrongly accused and convicted. Other people believe that if someone takes a human life then they deserve theirs. The early 1990's have executed about 150 people executed in the United States since 1976 and 2,000 people are on death row. The United Nations has to take a good look at this situation and put their own morality behind them when they decide what they want to do. Thousands of humans are in the hands of the UN. This topic needs serious consideration and a well thought out solution. ...

Saladin, Hero of Islam Profile

Saladin, Hero of Islam Profile Saladin, the sultan of Egypt and Syria, watched as his men finally breached the walls of Jerusalem and poured into the city full of European Crusaders and their followers. Eighty-eight years earlier, when the Christians had taken the city, they massacred the Muslim and Jewish inhabitants. Raymond of Aguilers boasted, In the Temple and the porch of Solomon, men rode in blood up to their knees and bridle reins. Saladin, however, was both more merciful and more chivalrous that Europes knights; when he recaptured the city, he ordered his men to spare the Christian non-combatants of Jerusalem. At a time when the nobility of Europe believed that they held a monopoly on chivalry, and on Gods favor, the great Muslim ruler Saladin proved himself more compassionate and courtly than his Christian opponents. More than 800 years later, he is remembered with respect in the west, and revered in the Islamic world. Early Life: In 1138, a baby boy named Yusuf was born to a Kurdish family of Armenian descent living in Tikrit, Iraq. The babys father, Najm ad-Din Ayyub, served as the castellan of Tikrit under the Seljuk administrator Bihruz; there is no record of the boys mothers name or identity. The boy who would become Saladin seemed to have been born under a bad star. At the time of his birth, his hot-blooded uncle Shirkuh killed the commander of the castle guard over a woman, and Bihruz banished the entire family from the city in disgrace. The babys name comes from the Prophet Joseph, an unlucky figure, whose half-brothers sold him into slavery. After their expulsion from Tikrit, the family moved to the Silk Road trading city of Mosul. There, Najm ad-Din Ayyub and Shirkuh served Imad ad-Din Zengi, the famous anti-Crusader ruler and founder of the Zengid Dynasty. Later, Saladin would spend his adolescence in Damascus, Syria, one of the great cities of the Islamic world. The boy reportedly was physically slight, studious and quiet. Saladin Goes to War After attending a military training academy, the 26-year-old Saladin accompanied his uncle Shirkuh on an expedition to restore Fatimid power in Egypt in 1163. Shirkuh successfully reinstalled the Fatimid vizier, Shawar, who then demanded that Shirkuhs troops withdraw. Shirkuh refused; in the ensuing fight, Shawar allied himself with European Crusaders, but Shirkuh, ably assisted by Saladin, managed to defeat the Egyptian and European armies at Bilbays. Shirkuh then withdrew the main body of his army from Egypt, in accordance with a peace treaty. (Amalric and the Crusaders also withdrew, since the ruler of Syria had attacked the Crusader States in Palestine during their absence.) In 1167, Shirkuh and Saladin once again invaded, intent on deposing Shawar. Once again, Shawar called on Amalric for assistance. Shirkuh withdrew from his base in Alexander, leaving Saladin and a small force to defend the city. Besieged, Saladin managed to protect the city and provide for its citizens despite his uncles refusal to attack the surrounding Crusader/Egyptian army from behind. After paying restitution, Saladin left the city to the Crusaders. The following year, Amalric betrayed Shawar and attacked Egypt in his own name, slaughtering the people of Bilbays. He then marched on Cairo. Shirkuh jumped into the fray once again, recruiting the reluctant Saladin to come with him. The 1168 campaign proved decisive; Amalric withdrew from Egypt when he heard that Shirkuh was approaching, but Shirkuh entered Cairo and took control of the city early in 1169. Saladin arrested the vizier Shawar, and Shirkuh had him executed. Taking Egypt Nur al-Din appointed Shirkuh as the new vizier of Egypt. A short time later, however, Shirkuh died after a feast, and Saladin succeeded his uncle as vizier on March 26, 1169. Nur al-Din hoped that together, they could crush the Crusader States that lay between Egypt and Syria. Saladin spent the first two years of his rule consolidating control over Egypt. After uncovering an assassination plot against him among the black Fatimid troops, he disbanded the African units (50,000 troops) and relied instead upon Syrian soldiers. Saladin also brought members of his family into his government, including his father. Although Nur al-Din knew and trusted Saladins father, he viewed this ambitious young vizier with increasing distrust. Meanwhile, Saladin attacked the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, crushed the city of Gaza, and captured the Crusader castle at Eilat as well as the key town of Ayla in 1170. In 1171, he began to march on the famous castle-city of Karak, where he was supposed to join Nur al-Din in attacking the strategic Crusader fortress, but withdrew when his father passed away back in Cairo. Nur al-Din was furious, rightly suspecting that Saladins loyalty to him was in question. Saladin abolished the Fatimid caliphate, taking power over Egypt in his own name as the founder of the Ayubbid Dynasty in 1171, and reimposing Sunni religious worship instead of Fatimid-style Shiism. Capture of Syria In 1173-4, Saladin pushed his borders west into what is now Libya, and southeast as far as Yemen. He also cut back payments to Nur al-Din, his nominal ruler. Frustrated, Nur al-Din decided to invade Egypt and install a more loyal underling as vizier, but he suddenly died early in 1174. Saladin immediately capitalized on Nur al-Dins death by marching to Damascus and taking control of Syria. The Arab and Kurdish citizens of Syria reportedly welcomed him joyfully into their cities. However, the ruler of Aleppo held out and refused to acknowledge Saladin as his sultan. Instead, he appealed to Rashid ad-Din, head of the Assassins, to kill Saladin. Thirteen Assassins stole into Saladins camp, but they were detected and killed. Aleppo refused to accept Ayubbid rule until 1183, nonetheless. Fighting the Assassins In 1175, Saladin declared himself king (malik), and the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad confirmed him as sultan of Egypt and Syria. Saladin thwarted another Assassin attack, waking and catching the knife-mans hand as he stabbed down towards the half-asleep sultan. After this second, and much closer, threat to his life, Saladin became so wary of assassination that he had chalk powder spread around his tent during military campaigns so that any stray footprints would be visible. In August of 1176, Saladin decided to lay siege to the Assassins mountain strongholds. One night during this campaign, he awoke to find a poisoned dagger beside his bed. Stuck to the dagger was a note promising that he would be killed if he did not withdraw. Deciding that discretion was the better part of valor, Saladin not only lifted his siege, but also offered an alliance to the Assassins (in part, to prevent the Crusaders from making their own alliance with them). Attacking Palestine In 1177, the Crusaders broke their truce with Saladin, raiding toward Damascus. Saladin, who was in Cairo at the time, marched with an army of 26,000 into Palestine, taking the city of Ascalon and getting as far as the gates of Jerusalem in November. On November 25, the Crusaders under King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem (son of Amalric) surprised Saladin and some of his officers while the vast bulk of their troops were out raiding, however. The European force of just 375 was able to route Saladins men; the sultan narrowly escaped, riding a camel all the way back to Egypt. Undaunted by his embarrassing retreat, Saladin attacked the Crusader city of Homs in the spring of 1178. His army also captured the city of Hama; a frustrated Saladin ordered the beheading of the European knights captured there. The following spring King Baldwin launched what he thought was a surprise retaliatory attack on Syria. Saladin knew he was coming, though, and the Crusaders were soundly thrashed by Ayubbid forces in April of 1179. A few months later, Saladin took the Knights Templar fortress of Chastellet, capturing many famous knights. By the spring of 1180, he was in position to launch a serious attack on the Kingdom of Jerusalem, so King Baldwin sued for peace. Conquest of Iraq In May of 1182, Saladin took half of the Egyptian army and left that part of his kingdom for the last time. His truce with the Zengid dynasty that ruled Mesopotamia expired in September, and Saladin resolved to seize that region. The emir of the Jazira region in northern Mesopotamia invited Saladin to take suzerainty over that area, making his task easier. One by one, other major cities fell: Edessa, Saruj, ar-Raqqah, Karkesiya, and Nusaybin. Saladin repealed taxes in the newly-conquered areas, making him very popular with the local residents. He then moved toward his former hometown of Mosul. However, Saladin was distracted by a chance to finally capture Aleppo, the key to northern Syria. He made a deal with the emir, allowing him to take everything he could carry as he left the city, and paying the emir for what was left behind. With Aleppo finally in his pocket, Saladin once more turned to Mosul. He laid siege to it on November 10, 1182, but was unable to capture the city. Finally, in March of 1186, he made peace with the citys defense forces. March toward Jerusalem Saladin decided that the time was ripe to take on the Kingdom of Jerusalem. In September of 1182, he marched into Christian-held lands across the River Jordan, picking off small numbers of knights along the Nablus road. The Crusaders mustered their largest army ever, but it was still smaller than Saladins, so they merely harassed the Muslim army as it moved toward Ayn Jalut. Finally, Raynald of Chatillon sparked open fighting when he threatened to attack the holy cities of Medina and Mecca. Saladin responded by besieging Raynalds castle, Karak, in 1183 and 1184. Raynald retaliated by attacking pilgrims making the hajj, murdering them and stealing their goods in 1185. Saladin countered by building a navy that attacked Beirut. Despite all of these distractions, Saladin was making gains on his ultimate goal, which was the capture of Jerusalem. By July of 1187, most of the territory was under his control. The Crusader kings decided to mount a last, desperate attack to try and drive Saladin from the kingdom. Battle of Hattin On July 4, 1187, the army of Saladin clashed with the combined army of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, under Guy of Lusignan, and the Kingdom of Tripoli, under King Raymond III. It was a smashing victory for Saladin and the Ayubbid army, which nearly wiped out the European knights and captured Raynald of Chatillon and Guy of Lusignan. Saladin personally beheaded Raynald, who had tortured and murdered Muslim pilgrims, and also had cursed the Prophet Muhammad. Guy of Lusignan believed that he would be killed next, but Saladin reassured him by saying, It is not the wont of kings to kill kings, but that man transgressed all bounds, and therefore did I treat his thus. Saladins merciful treatment of the King Consort of Jerusalem helped cement his reputation in the west as a chivalrous warrior. On October 2, 1187, the city of Jerusalem surrendered to Saladins army after a siege. As noted above, Saladin protected the Christian civilians of the city. Although he demanded a low ransom for each Christian, those who could not afford to pay were also allowed to leave the city rather than being enslaved. Low-ranking Christian knights and foot-soldiers were sold into slavery, however. Saladin invited Jewish people to return to Jerusalem once more. They had been murdered or driven out by the Christians eighty years before, but the people of Ashkelon responded, sending a contingent to resettle in the holy city. The Third Crusade Christian Europe was horrified by the news that Jerusalem had fallen back under Muslim control. Europe soon launched the Third Crusade, led by Richard I of England (better known as Richard the Lionheart). In 1189, Richards forces attacked Acre, in what is now northern Israel, and massacred 3,000 Muslim men, women, and children who had been taken prisoner. In retaliation, Saladin executed every Christian soldier his troops encountered for the next two weeks. Richards army defeated Saladins at Arsuf on September 7, 1191. Richard then moved toward Ascalon, but Saladin ordered the city emptied and destroyed. As the dismayed Richard directed his army to march away, Saladins force fell upon them, killing or capturing most of them. Richard would continue to try to retake Jerusalem, but he had only 50 knights and 2,000 foot-soldiers remaining, so he would never succeed. Saladin and Richard the Lionheart grew to respect one another as worthy adversaries. Famously, when Richards horse was killed at Arsuf, Saladin sent him a replacement mount. In 1192, the two agreed to the Treaty of Ramla, which provided that the Muslims would retain control of Jerusalem, but Christian pilgrims would have access to the city. The Crusader Kingdoms were also reduced to a thin sliver of land along the Mediterranean coast. Saladin had prevailed over the Third Crusade. Death of Saladin Richard the Lionheart left the Holy Land early in 1193. A short time later, on March 4, 1193, Saladin died of an unknown fever in his capital at Damascus. Knowing that his time was short, Saladin had donated all of his wealth to the poor  and had no money left even for a funeral. He was buried in a simple mausoleum outside of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus. Sources Lyons, Malcolm Cameron and D.E.P. Jackson. Saladin: The Politics of the Holy War, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984.Nicolle, David and Peter Dennis. Saladin: The Background, Strategies, Tactics and Battlefield Experiences of the Greatest Commanders of History, Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2011.Reston, James Jr. Warriors of God: Richard the Lionheart and Saladin in the Third Crusade, New York: Random House, 2002.

Land law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Land law - Essay Example Over a period of time she gained ascendancy over him. Her action against him was set aside as she failed to disprove this presumption (Re Craig , 1971). In Dunbar Bank plc v. Nadeem, the bank provided a mortgage loan to the couple in their joint names. In the trial court it was held that there had been undue influence brought to bear on the wife, as she had not made any contribution to the purchase, but all the same she was being held jointly liable with her husband. The appellate court set aside this judgment and ruled that she had not suffered any disadvantage and as she had failed to establish undue influence (Dunbar Bank plc v. Nadeem , 1998 ). The courts of equity, in their role of a court of conscience, initiated undue influence as a basis for the obtention of relief. To this end the courts endeavour to determine the underlying reason for entering into a transaction. In all cases, where the cause proves to be objectionable, the transaction will be rescinded. From the perspective of equity, undue influence occurs in the following cases. If there are threats or other overtly improper or intimidating acts and if the relationship between the parties accords to one of them a superior position, which is exploited by that party to the detriment of the other party. In O’Brien, the House of Lords specified the measures to be adopted by a bank, in order to avoid the ill effect of a husband’s undue influence, while granting loans to a couple. The outcome of this decision was that a contract could become unenforceable if one of the parties to the contract had done so as a consequence of a third party’s transgression (Barclays Bank v. OBrien, 1993). In Etridge it was held that it was the duty of the bank to take all such reasonable steps as would ensure that the wife should be properly apprised of the consequences of the transaction that she was about to enter into. To this end an

Comparisons And Differences In Intention By The 1960s& 1990s Musicians Essay

Comparisons And Differences In Intention By The 1960s& 1990s Musicians - Essay Example He mainly focused on things that touch people around him and then wrote good lyrics or had them written down by good songwriters for him to sing. He was born in Gary in 1958, at a place called Gary, Indiana in the United States. His father, Joseph Jackson was a guitarist but had to give up following his marriage. Michael Jackson had several nicknames e.g. The Gloved One, Wacko Jacko, MJ and King of Pop. Apart from entertaining through singing, he also had dancing skills which gave a trademark. In his black shoes, white socks and trousers above heel, he showcase the moonlight walk style. His hit 'heal the world' resulted to a Foundation which helped collect funds to purchase foods medical supplies to the then war torn Sarajevo, running of immunization drug abuse educational programmes ,paying child's liver transplants in Hungary. He also did 'We are the world' with Lionel Richie, a co-writer and other musicians like Stevie Wonder. The song was a call to everyone in the world to come o ut and give aid to people in Africa. The income generated was used in buying essential necessities for people in Africa mainly. Former America's president Ronald Reagan wanted to award him with a Humanitarian Rights Award together with other two but, a Chief Justice of the Supreme Court advised against the whole idea, saying it was much worthy of a pop star. His music also educated people, black or white was a song done to inform that skin color did not really matter, whether black or white, there was an equal access to rights at that time when there was tension between blacks &whites. Bellie jean was a ballad, telling a story about how a certain guy impregnated a particular lady and later on denied it. These are things that do happen day in day out to people we know in our societies. It plays the role of an eye-opener (Michael Jackson.com, 2008). Using different song themes, a wide range of ideas were spread to all parts of the world.'Beat it' was used in commercials against drunk driving. The intentional was to evoke changes in lifestyles, warn of the likely dangers and the same time bring fun through the classical beats. 'Jacko'as he was sometimes referred to remains to be one of the greatest artists of all times. As a general expectation of a musician, he did perform songs in praise of women who got him charmed such as you rock my world. Michael Jackson was able to achieve a lot through music. He was the first solo artist to have no.1 hits and albums in the billboard charts. As a result this won him fame and recognition globally. He managed to appear in the Guinness Book of Records as one of the best singers/dancer. When the U.S invaded Iraq, MJ decided to do an anti-war song to show his dislike of the act and as well represent others with the same opinion. The song title was we've had enough. Though little was done about the invasion, at least it showed that people were watching or rather following (Michael Jackson.com, 2008). The second artist am going to highlight about is Stevie Wonder, I chose because of his uniqueness and the ability to sing& play an instrument,